Structure 21 Answers

1. Martha Graham, _____ of the pioneers of modern dance, didn’t begin dancing until she was twenty-one.
(A) who, as one
(B) she was
(C) one
(D) was one
 
Jawaban yang tepat adalah: (C) one
– Martha Graham = subject (noun)
– didn’t begin = verb phrase
– Kalimat sudah utuh karena sudah ada subject dan verb
– Subject noun bisa dijelaskan oleh
(1) relative clause atau
(2) appositive (noun phrase lain)
– A salah karena ‘_____ of the pioneers of modern dance’ sudah diapit koma, tidak bisa ditambah klausa penjelas lagi
– B salah karena ada verb (was) tapi tidak ada relative clause marker
– D salah karena ada verb (was) tapi tidak ada subject clause
 
Martha Graham, one of the pioneers of modern dance, didn’t begin dancing until she was twenty-one.
Martha Graham, salah satu perintis tari modern, belum mulai menari hingga dia berusia dua puluh satu tahun.
– one of the pioneers of modern dance = appositive
 
2. Tiger moths ____ wings marked with stripes or spots.
(A) have
(B) with
(C) their
(D) whose
 
Jawaban yang tepat adalah (A) have
– tiger moths = subject
– wings = object
– marked with stripes or spots = relative clause menjelaskan object (wings)
– Kalimat belum utuh karena sudah ada subject tapi belum ada verb
– B salah karena bukan verb, with = preposition
– C salah karena bukan verb, their = determiner
– D salah karena bukan verb, whose = determiner
 
Tiger moths have wings marked with stripes or spots.
Ngengat erebid memiliki sayap yang ditandai dengan garis-garis dan titik-titik.
 
3. Platinum is harder than copper and is almost as pliable _____
(A) gold
(B) than gold
(C) as gold
(D) gold is
 
Jawaban yang tepat adalah: (C) as gold
– semua pilihan jawaban terdapat noun ‘gold’
– is almost as pliable -> pliable = adjective
– Pola perbandingan: be + as + adjective + as + noun
 
Platinum is harder than copper and is almost as pliable as gold.
Platinum lebih keras dibandingkan tembaga dan hampir selunak emas.
 
4. Most of Annie Jump Cannon’s career as an astronomer involved the observation, classification, and ______
(A) she analyzed stars
(B) the stars’ analysis
(C) stars were analyzed
(D) analysis of stars
 
Jawaban yang tepat adalah: (D) analysis of stars
– ada coordinating conjunction ‘and’
– coordinating conjunction menghubungkan kata/frasa/klausa yang identik secara gramatikal
– the observation, classification, and ______
– ‘and’ didahului observation = noun, classification = noun
– jadi ‘and’ perlu diikuti oleh noun juga
– A salah karena she analyzed stars = klausa
– C salah karena stars were analyzed = klausa
– B salah the star’s analysis tidak identik dengan bentuk dua noun sebelumnya
 
Most of Annie Jump Cannon’s career as an astronomer involved the observation, classification, and analysis of stars
Sebagian besar karir Annie Jump Cannon sebagai seorang astronomer melibatkan pengamatan, pengklasifikasian dan analisa bintang-bintang.
 
5. Many communities are dependent on groundwater _____ from wells for their water supply.
(A) that obtained
(B) obtained
(C) is obtained
(D) obtain it
 
Jawaban yang tepat adalah: (B) obtained
– Many communities = subject
– are = noun
– Kalimat sudah utuh, sudah ada subject dan verb
– groundwater = object (noun)
– semua pilihan jawaban mengandung verb obtain
– _____ from wells for their water supply = relative clause yang menjelaskan object groundwater
– Relative clause bisa dalam bentuk
(1) full dengan relative clause marker
(2) ringkas tanpa relative clause marker
– A salah karena ada relative clause marker that tapi jika diikuti Verb 2 obtained maknanya menjadi salah
– C salah karena ada verb is tapi tidak ada relative clause marker
– D salah karena ada dengan adanya object it makna kalimat menjadi tidak jelas
 
Many communities are dependent on groundwater obtained from wells for their water supply.
Banyak komunitas bergantung pada air tanah yang didapatkan dari sumur-sumur untuk persediaan air mereka.
Ini adalah bentuk ringkas dari:
Many communities are dependent on groundwater (which is) obtained from wells for their water supply.
 
6. _____ experimental studies of the aging process, psychologist Ross McFarland determined that people could work productively much longer than had previously been thought.
(A) In that
(B) Through
(C) Since
(D) Into
 
Jawaban yang tepat adalah: (B) Through
– Ini adalah pemilihan preposition yang sesuai
– A, C, D salah karena makna kalimat menjadi tidak jelas jika digunakan
 
Through experimental studies of the aging process, psychologist Ross McFarland determined that people could work productively much longer than had previously been thought.
Melalui studi eksperimental proses penuaan, ahli psikolog Ross McFardland menentukan bahwa orang-orang bisa bekerja secara produktif jauh lebih lama dari yang sebelumnya disangka.
 
7. _____ often raise funds from the sale of stock.
(A) For corporations to operate
(B) The operations of corporations
(C) Corporations operate by
(D) To operate, corporations
 
Jawaban yang tepat adalah: (D) To operate, corporations
– raise = verb
– Kalimat sudah ada verb utama, jadi tinggal mencari bentuk di mana subject bisa digabungkan dengan benar
– A salah karena ‘For corporations to operate’ – ada duplikasi verb tanpa conjunction, dan makna kalimat menjadi salah
– B salah karena secara makna salah jika digunakan
– C salah karena ‘Corporations operate by’ – ada duplikasi verb tanpa conjunction, dan makna kalimat menjadi salah
 
To operate, corporations often raise funds from the sale of stock.
Untuk beroperasi, korporasi-korporasi sering menggalang dana dari penjualan saham,
Ini adalah bentuk lain dari:
Corporations often raise funds from the sale of stock to operate.
 
8. While all birds are alike in that they have feathers and lay eggs, _____ great differences among them in terms of size, structure, and color.
(A) there are
(B) but are
(C) if there are
(D) to be
Jawaban yang tepat adalah: (A) there are
– While all birds are alike in that they have feathers and lay eggs = dependent clause
– _____ great differences among them in terms of size, structure, and color = independent clause
– complex sentence = 1 independent clause + conjunction + 1 dependent clause (atau lebih)
– B salah karena ada but (conjunction), conjunction hanya digunakan sebelum dependent clause
– C salah karena ada if (conjunction), conjunction hanya digunakan sebelum dependent clause
– D salah karena makna kalimat menjadi salah
 
While all birds are alike in that they have feathers and lay eggs, there are great differences among them in terms of size, structure, and color.
Meskipun semua burung sama dalam hal memiliki bulu dan bertelur, ada banyak perbedaan besar di antara mereka dalam hal ukuran, struktur dan warna.
 
9. There were ___ federal laws regulating mining practices until 1872.
(A) none
(B) not
(C) no
(D) nor
 
Jawaban yang tepat adalah: (C) no
– federal laws = noun
– noun hanya bisa diawali adjective, determiner atau preposition
– A salah karena none = pronoun
– B salah karena not = adverb
– D salah karena nor = adverb, conjunction
 
There were no federal laws regulating mining practices until 1872.
Tidak ada hukum federal yang mengatur praktek pertambangan hingga 1872.
 
10. The Masters, one of the most important of all golf tournaments, _____ every year in Augusta, Georgia.
(A) has held
(B) being held
(C) is held
(D) holding
 
Jawaban yang tepat adalah: (C) is held
– The Master = subject (noun)
– one of the most important of all golf tournaments = non-defining clause, klausa yang memberi informasi tambahan akan subject, kalau tidak ada tidak apa-apa
– kalimat belum memiliki verb
– bentuk verb yang paling sesuai untuk kalimat ini adalah passive form (be + Verb 3)
 
The Masters, one of the most important of all golf tournaments, is held every year in Augusta, Georgia.
The Masters, salah satu dari turnamen golf yang paling penting, diadakan setiap tahun di Augusta, Georgia.